Nigeria And The Scramble For Africa 2.0

“Scramble for Africa” his­torically refers to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when Europe­an powers colonised and divided the African continent, seeking political, economic, and strategic dominance. Africa was mercilessly exploited, and to date, the scars remain. With its rich resources and sizable population, Ni­geria became a prime target of British colonial authorities, a historical fact that underscores its continued strate­gic importance on the continent. Fast forward to the 21st century, and a new scramble for Africa is underway. This time, global powers compete for influ­ence, resources, and markets rather than territories. Once again, Nigeria plays a central role in these geopoliti­cal and economic dynamics.

In this modern scramble, the dy­namics differ considerably. The focus has shifted from territorial to econom­ic conquest wrapped in infrastructure investments, aid and strategic alli­ances. Leading global actors—such as China, the United States, the Eu­ropean Union, and emerging powers like Russia, Turkey, and India—vie for influence across Africa through diplomacy, trade deals, and develop­ment initiatives. While politically independent, Africa remains a stage for intense geopolitical competition, as the world’s most powerful nations recognise the continent’s potential and seek to secure a share of its resources and promising future.

Nigeria is pivotal in Africa’s trajec­tory as the continent’s most populous country and largest economy. The country is rich in oil reserves, has a rapidly expanding technology sector, and boasts an increasingly youthful and growing population. By 2050, projections indicate that one in four people will be African, and Nigeria is expected to account for a significant portion of that demographic shift. This youthful population, with its en­ergy and potential, presents a prom­ising future, making Nigeria a focal point in global power plays, with its future development and stability cru­cial for Africa and the world.

However, Nigeria also faces many domestic challenges that complicate its ability to maximise the benefits of this shadow battle for influence by global powers. These issues include endemic corruption, ineffective polit­ical leadership, and security concerns. These issues have created a fragile environment for economic growth, even as foreign powers, as part of their grand strategy, seek to invest in the country’s resources and infra­structure to position their countries for influence and economic advantage.

In recent years, a series of high-pro­file international summits have been held aimed at solidifying relationships with African nations. These summits, often referred to as an ‘old trick’ in in­ternational diplomacy, remain effec­tive in the modern scramble for Afri­ca. They serve as platforms for global powers to compete for influence and partnerships, highlighting the contin­ued importance of Africa in the global geopolitical landscape.

Unfortunately, Africa has learnt nothing from history. Some notable examples of these partnership sum­mits include the Russia-Africa Sum­mit, the U.S.-Africa Leaders’ Summit, the European Union-African Union (AU) Summit, the Tokyo International Conference on African Development, and China’s Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).

Each of these summits represents a strategic attempt by global powers to strengthen ties, secure economic partnerships, and cement their geopo­litical foothold in Africa. For instance, the European Union’s Global Gate­way project, announced at the EU-AU Summit, seeks to counter China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by offering substantial investments in African in­frastructure. Likewise, the U.S.-Africa Leaders’ Summit highlighted a $55 bil­lion investment plan over three years, reflecting a renewed focus by Western powers on regaining influence in a continent where China’s presence has become increasingly dominant.

China’s FOCAC remains a crucial pillar of its engagement with Africa. At the 2024 FOCAC summit, China pledged USD 51 billion for 30 infra­structure projects across Africa, posi­tioning Beijing for more significant in­fluence on the continent. Meanwhile, emerging powers like India, Turkey, and the Gulf states are also working to deepen their ties with African nations, creating more comprehensive part­nership options for African leaders.

In this evolving global chessboard, the question remains: Is Nigeria a pawn in the hands of international powers, or can it become an active player shaping its destiny? Nigeria’s vast natural resources, demograph­ics, expanding technology sector, and strategic location make it an attractive playground for foreign investment and global geopolitics. However, the country’s ability to benefit from this renewed battle for global influence hinges on its ability to navigate the complex landscape of international di­plomacy and partnerships, in addition to the quality of domestic governance , the power of immigration , the rise of Ai and ICT and its positioning in the new global economic order. This is purely a function of leadership that has understanding and requisite nav­igational skill.

At present, Nigeria faces a delicate balancing act. On one hand, foreign investments can drive much-needed infrastructure development, job cre­ation, and technological advancement. However, the ever-present risk of eco­nomic dependency and the challenge of maintaining sovereignty exists. China’s large-scale infrastructure in­vestments, often funded by loans, have sparked concerns over Nigeria’s rising debt burden and the potential for long-term economic vulnerability. These concerns underscore the need for Nigeria to adopt a cautious approach, ensuring that foreign partnerships do not compromise the country’s sover­eignty or its long-term developmental goals. This delicate balance requires strategic decision-making and a clear understanding of Nigeria’s long-term interests in the global geopolitical landscape.

Nigeria’s potential to play an ac­tive role in the African continent and emerging global dynamics is inextri­cably linked to its domestic stability, achieved by strengthening democrat­ic institutions, improving security, promoting inclusive development, and maintaining a favourable invest­ment environment. Nigeria inevita­bly must build a strong economy as the foundation for effective foreign policy. We cannot continue to tumble from one economic policy to the next and ex­pect to be given strategic importance in this new war for influence by pow­erful global nations on the continent.

Nigeria’s leadership is central to its success in this new scramble for Af­rica. Without visionary and strategic leadership capable of understanding global dynamics and advancing Nige­ria’s long-term interests, the country risks being left behind in the race for international influence. The need for such leadership is urgent, as Nigeria’s leaders must prioritise its strategic au­tonomy, leveraging its vast resources and human capital to negotiate favour­able terms with global powers.

Nigeria needs to be more active in a world where geopolitical com­petition intensifies. Its foreign policy must proactively build alliances with traditional and emerging powers while safeguarding the nation’s long-term interests. The country’s leaders must recognise the importance of ac­tively shaping Nigeria’s future and Africa’s collective destiny. Nigeria, with its potential and resources, has a significant role in shaping the con­tinent’s future.

So far, sound bites from Nigeria’s foreign affairs minister, Yusuf Mai­tama Tuggar, seem reasonable, but action is more important. Nigeria is championing the 4D principle, Democ­racy, Demographics, Development and Diaspora. We led the UN tax reforms but till date we are yet to appoint a per­manent representative in the global body to further advance our agenda items. Nigeria has yet to appoint substantive ambassadors for all our missions in nearly one year, yet we expect the world to take us seriously in diplomatic engagements. Regional leadership in West Africa and the con­tinent should be our natural forte, but we also are not getting it right.

As one of Africa’s largest econo­mies, Nigeria is uniquely positioned to lead the continent in defining its collective positions in dealings with ex­ternal powers. However, this requires smart diplomacy and a Pan-African approach, whereby African nations present a united front in their nego­tiations with global actors. If African nations act as individual entities, they risk being divided and conquered by more considerable powers with far more excellent resources and strate­gic leverage.

Africa’s ability to thrive in this new era of global competition depends on its capacity to unite as a bloc to secure mutually beneficial deals with exter­nal partners. By adopting a coordinat­ed Pan-African strategy, African na­tions can negotiate from a position of strength, ensuring they benefit from foreign engagement rather than being exploited.

The new scramble for Africa pres­ents both opportunities and risks for Nigeria. Foreign investment offers a pathway to infrastructure develop­ment, economic growth, and techno­logical innovation. However, the risk of neocolonialism and economic de­pendency looms as Nigeria and other African nations rely on external cap­ital for their development. A culture of dependence on aids and foreign capital often creates a disincentive for critical thinking and institutional development.

Nigeria’s future will depend on its ability to manage these external influ­ences, prioritise national interests, and strengthen its internal governance. With strategic foresight and effective leadership, Nigeria can turn the re­newed global scramble for Africa into an opportunity for national develop­ment, positioning itself as a key player worldwide. However, if Nigeria fails to navigate these challenges, it risks repeating past mistakes and falling prey to the forces that once sought to dominate it.

The historical and contemporary scrambles for Africa share similari­ties in the way foreign powers seek to exploit Africa’s resources for their benefit. However, the modern scram­ble is driven by economic partnerships rather than direct colonisation. With exemplary leadership, Nigeria can be central to this new global competi­tion as one of Africa’s most influential countries. While foreign investments bring growth opportunities, Nigeria must navigate the challenges of de­pendency, corruption, and internal security issues to ensure that it ben­efits from the new scramble without repeating past mistakes. Nigeria’s fu­ture depends on its ability to manage foreign relations while prioritising its national interests and development.